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Home / IAS Preparation / Cyclone Disaster Management

Cyclone Disaster Management of India - Mitigation & Preparedness Measures, Governmental Initiatives & More

Last Updated on Aug 23, 2023
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Disaster Management for Cyclones refers to preparedness and mitigation strategies taken towards Cyclones. India is most vulnerable to cyclones. On average, India experiences 6-7 cyclones every year. Therefore, a proper preparedness, development, and mitigation plan is an essential part of Disaster Management for Cyclones. Disaster Management for Cyclones is one of the most important topics for the UPSC IAS exam. It covers part of the Disaster Management subject in the General Studies Paper-3 syllabus.

This article will study the mitigation and preparedness measures for cyclone disaster management at UPSC.

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What are Cyclones?

"Cyclone" comes from the Greek word "cyclos," which means a snake's coils. Henry Paddington coined the term because tropical storms in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal resemble coiled sea serpents. Cyclones are generated by rapid and frequently damaging air circulation in low-pressure areas. Storms and unfavorable weather are frequently present during cyclones. In the Northern hemisphere, the air moves counterclockwise, whereas in the Southern hemisphere, it moves clockwise.

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What is Cyclone Disaster Management?

Cyclone management involves strategies and measures to mitigate the impact of cyclones, which are powerful and destructive weather events. It encompasses preparedness, response, recovery, and risk reduction efforts to minimize loss of life, property damage, and disruption caused by cyclones. Early warning systems play a crucial role in alerting communities about approaching cyclones, allowing time for evacuation and preparation. The key components of cyclone disaster management are shelter planning, stockpiling essential supplies, and establishing communication channels. Government agencies, NGOs, and international organizations collaborate to coordinate disaster relief and recovery efforts. Community awareness and education are vital to ensure people know how to respond to cyclone in India threats and follow safety measures. Continuous research and technological advancements help improve forecasting accuracy and cyclone in India disaster preparedness.

Study in detail about Overview, Formation & Types of Cyclones for the UPSC Exam! 

Image: Schematic Diagram of a Cyclone

Image Source: IMD

Mitigation and Preparedness Measures for Cyclone Disaster Management

In India, the Natural Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is in charge of disaster management. National Guidelines on the Management of Cyclones have been prepared by it. The Home Ministry started the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) to improve cyclone in India forecasting, tracking, and warnings in states. Here are some Mitigation strategies for Cyclones; 

Land Use Planning

  • Planning for land use should take cyclones into account consistently such that low-importance activities are located in vulnerable Mitigation and Preparedness Measures for Cyclones areas.
  • Settlements in flood plains should be avoided at all costs. Key facility locations must be noted in the land use.
  • Land use and building code enforcement should be governed by policies. Instead of being used for habitation, vulnerable regions should be preserved for parks, grazing areas, or flood diversion.

Hazard Mapping

  • A map that displays the frequency/probability of occurrences of different intensities or durations of cyclones is known as a hazard map for cyclones.
  • It is impossible to predict cyclones' days in advance; however, the pattern of occurrence for specific wind speeds can be determined using historical records and pathways. An area's vulnerability to a cyclone, along with any accompanying storm surge and flooding, will be shown on a hazard map.
  • Estimating the cyclone's power and potential damage intensities in the area will be beneficial.
  • Data from historical climatological records, wind speed history, frequency of flooding, etc., are used to generate the map.

Download Disaster Management UPSC Notes with the linked article!

Cyclones Early Warning System

On October 12, 2020, the Indian Meteorological Department and the Ministry of Earth Sciences introduced the new Impact-Based Cyclone Warning System. Its ultimate goal is to reduce the amount of money lost and property destroyed as a result of the storms that hit the Indian coasts every year. This approach takes into account all the crucial factors, including the local population, settlements, usage of the land, and location warning mechanisms.

Image Source: IMD

Cyclone Shelters

  • Cyclone Areas that are susceptible to recurring cyclones must have shelters. Since cyclone shelter building requires significant funding, it is frequently dependent on assistance from the government or outside contributors.
  • Additionally, it includes technical and engineering elements that are typically outside the scope of the community.
  • To ensure that people can quickly access the shelters during emergencies, the location of the cyclone in India shelter should have road connections to major thoroughfares and to the nearby rural areas.

Engineered Structures

  • Buildings must be constructed to withstand wind pressure. The choice of a good site is also crucial.
  • Engineering-designed structures should be used for public infrastructures, such as hospitals, schools, rural healthcare facilities, communication towers, and community centres.
  • Additionally, it should be promoted for the population to build designed structures as their homes.
  • Government intervention is required to provide building regulations and other regulatory frameworks for these interventions.

Flood Management

  • Flood management is essential because a cyclonic storm will result in flooding. Coastal areas will be inundated by storm surges.
  • Flash floods will result in heavy rain. Sea walls and embankments along rivers may keep water away from the flood plains.
  • Water flow can be controlled by building reservoirs, checking dams, and alternative drainage channels and/or routes.

Mangrove Plantation

  • Mangroves protect the coastal region from cyclone-related storm surges and wind. The water's flow is slowed down by the branch tangle.
  • The community should take part in the mangrove planting project, which might be run by the local government, an NGO, or even the community itself.
  • Mangroves also support coastal preservation and the prevention of coastal erosion.

Public Awareness and Community Participation

  • Comprehensive cyclone preparedness and response strategies are crucially needed at all levels to improve readiness to preserve lives and livelihoods.
  • A specific emphasis needs to be placed on community-based disaster preparedness and successful response through active community participation because the community is the first responder to any disaster.
  • In order to construct community plans, it is necessary to identify vulnerable groups and populations, evaluate the community's hazards, map its resources, and identify specialized teams for swift reaction.

Retrofitting Non-engineered Structures

Non-engineered settlements should make sure they are aware of how resistant their homes are to the wind or other dangerous weather conditions. UN-HABITAT provided the following examples of retrofitting non-engineered structures:

  • Constructing a steep-slope roof to reduce the chance of being blown off.
  • Anchoring strong poles to the ground with firm footings.
  • To assist in reducing wind forces, Plantations of trees should be placed safely away from the house.
  • Early repair of the shelters

Study in detail about Coastal Plains in India for the UPSC Exam! 

Governmental Initiatives for Cyclone Disaster Management in India

Some of the Governmental Initiatives for the Prevention of cyclones or Cyclone Disaster Management in India are discussed below:

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Project

  • Origin: Integrated Coastal Zone Management was conceptualized in 1992 during the Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro. Chapter 17 of Agenda 21's summit proceedings contains the policy addressing ICZM.
  • Objective: The Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Project's goal is to help the Government of India (GoI) develop the national capability needed to implement a comprehensive coastal management strategy across the nation while also testing the strategy in the states of Gujarat, Orissa, and West Bengal.
  • Features: The project consists of four parts.
  • National ICZM Capacity Building: Mapping, delineating, and demarcating the hazard lines and delineating coastal sediment cells.
  • Piloting ICZM Approaches in Gujarat: Support capacity building of the state-level agencies and institutions.
  • Piloting ICZM Approaches in Orissa: Capacity building of the state-level agencies and institutions (Paradip-Dhamra and Gopalpur-Chilika).
  • Piloting ICZM Approaches in West Bengal.

National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project

Origin: The National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) is a flagship initiative supported by the World Bank and executed by NDMA in eight coastal states at risk of cyclones in two phases, including the following elements.

Components of the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project

  • Component A; Early Warning Dissemination System (EWDS)
  • Component B; Cyclone Risk Mitigation Infrastructure (CRMI)
  • Component C; Technical Assistance for Capacity Building on Disaster Risk and Management
  • Component D; Project Management and Monitoring

Objective: The objective is to lessen the vulnerability of coastal populations in the Project States to cyclones and other hydro-meteorological hazards and to strengthen the ability of State agencies to prepare for and respond to disasters effectively.

Features: NCRMP Phase-I was started in 2011, covering the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. Phase I was completed in December 2018.

NCRMP Phase-II has been implemented in 6 Coastal States, namely Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, and West Bengal, and was completed in September 2022 as far as no update is mentioned further.

Coastal Regulation Zones (CRZ)

Origin: The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) issued a notification in February 1991 under the Environmental Protection Act of 1986 to regulate operations in the coastal area.

Objective: Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) policies aim to conserve the coastal ecosystem by limiting human, economic, and industrial activity near the beach or shoreline area.

Features: The Coastal Regulation Zone is defined by the notification as the coastal area up to 500 meters from the High Tide Line (HTL) and a stage of 100 meters along the banks of creeks, estuaries, backwaters, and rivers vulnerable to tidal fluctuations (CRZ).

Color Coding of Cyclones

The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) issues warnings for areas that will suffer significant cyclone damage. IMD has its own colour-coding scheme for cyclone warnings and information. The department uses colour codes to denote the seriousness of the situation and the accompanying warning. It has developed four colour codes: red, orange, yellow, and green. The primary goal of the colour codes is to warn people about dangerous weather conditions that could endanger lives and property.

Image Source; IMD

Color Coding of Cyclones

Colour

Meaning

Action

Green

No Warning

No severe weather expected and no advisories issued

Yellow

Be Updated

Severely bad weather spanning across several days

Orange/Amber

Be Prepared

It serves as a warning for very harsh weather that could cause power outages, road, and train closures, and other commuting disruptions

Red

Take Action

Be extra cautious, be ready for drastic measures, and follow any orders given by the government

Also check out the article on Disaster Management Act 2005 with this link!

Cyclones Struck in India

Here are some of the strongest cyclones that have hit India in recent decades:

Bhola Cyclone -1970

  • It hit Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) and West Bengal.
  • It was the most powerful cyclone of the North Indian Ocean Cyclone Season in 1970.
  • It is regarded as the deadliest cyclone, killing between 3-5 lakh people.

Super Cyclonic Storm BOB 01 - 1990

  • It struck Andhra Pradesh in 1990.
  • This cyclone killed 967 people.
  • Until Cyclone Laila in 2010, it was considered the worst storm to hit South India during the pre-monsoon season.

Odisha Cyclone - 1999

  • It was a powerful cyclonic storm that hit Thailand, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and India.
  • According to official reports, this cyclone killed approximately 9887 people and displaced thousands.

Cyclone BOB 03 - 2002

  • On November 12, a severe cyclonic storm did strike West Bengal, killing 173.

Cyclone Phyan - 2009

  • It began as a tropical disturbance southwest of Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  • Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Maharashtra experienced significant rainfall as a result.

Cyclone Fani - 2019

  • Cyclone Feni was characterized as a very powerful cyclonic storm when it hit the coast in the Indian state of Odisha.
  • It was the equivalent of a Category 4 major hurricane.
  • It killed over 40 people.

Cyclone Amphan - 2020

  • Cyclone Amphan was a powerful and deadly cyclone that caused havoc in Eastern India and Bangladesh in May 2020.
  • It was classified as a super cyclonic storm and caused extensive damage to infrastructure, homes, and agriculture.
  • It is known to be the most expensive tropical cyclone on record in the North Indian Ocean, causing an economic loss of Rs. 1.03 crores.

Cyclone Nisarga - 2020

  • Cyclone Nisarga was a severe cyclonic storm that hit the western coast of India in June 2020. It made landfall near the city of Alibaug, in the state of Maharashtra. 

Cyclone Nivar - 2020

  • Cyclone Nivar was a severe cyclonic storm that hit the southeastern coast of India in November 2020. 
  • It affected parts of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.

Cyclone Yaas - 2021

  • In the North Indian Ocean cyclone season of 2021, it was the second cyclonic storm and the second very severe storm.
  • It was a severe and damaging cyclone that caused havoc in Odisha and later had a significant impact on West Bengal.

Cyclone Jawad - 2022

  • Cyclonic Storm Jawad was a minor tropical cyclone that brought torrential rain and strong winds to India's Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and West Bengal, causing significant disruptions.

Study in detail about Difference between Eastern and Western Coastal Plain for the UPSC Exam! 

Significance of Cyclone Disaster Management in India

Cyclone disaster management holds paramount significance in India, as it introduces strategies to safeguard lives and livelihoods amid cyclonic events. The primary goal is shielding vulnerable regions and minimizing damages. The plans encompass various facets, enacted systematically. These initiatives raise awareness about imminent calamities, enabling individuals to heed early warnings and adopt preventive measures. They play a pivotal role in ensuring community safety. Cyclone management identifies impending danger signs and formulates corresponding plans. They also strategize the evacuation of individuals from high-risk zones.

Conclusion

Disaster Management for Cyclones is an important mitigation strategy to overcome the destruction caused by tropical cyclones. The warnings given by IMD are also beneficial to create awareness among the people living in vulnerable areas. The government of India is doing remarkable work in cyclone preparedness. However, there is still a need for community awareness and effective mitigation measures.

Disaster Management for Cyclones – Mitigation, Preparedness Measures & Government Initiatives: Download PDF here!

UPSC Previous Year Questions on Disaster Management for Cyclones
  • Discuss the meaning of color-coded weather warnings for cyclone-prone areas given by the India Meteorological Department. (UPSC Mains 2022, GS Paper 1).
  • Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (UPSC Mains 2020, GS Paper 1)

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Disaster Management for Cyclones - FAQs

Tropical cyclones are destructive in nature. Some of the effects of cyclones include violent winds, torrential rain, high waves and, also it is responsible for very destructive storm surges and coastal flooding.

Cyclone Shelters are constructed at the national, state, and regional level to protect the vulnerable community against cyclones. The shelters should be constructed taking into account the local geography, transportation and communication options, distance from previously damaged areas, and population density.

Yes, Mangrove plantations mitigate the effects of Cyclones. Mangroves' root systems aid in reducing erosion, tsunamis, and other natural disasters.

Cyclone’s early warning system is a climate change adaptation strategy that uses integrated communication technologies to assist communities in getting ready for potentially dangerous climate-related occurrences.

CRZ stands for Coastal Regulation Zone. They are declared by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) under the Environment Protection Act (EPA) 1986. In India, in order to safeguard the delicate ecosystems next to the sea, the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Rules regulate industrial and human activity close to the shoreline.
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