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Home / IAS Preparation / Land Revenue System In India

Various Types of Land Revenue System in British India!

Last Updated on Apr 15, 2025
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The land revenue system in British India was one of the major sources of income for Britishers. During the British era of control in India, there were three basic different types of land revenue policies. The Zamindari System, the Mahalwari System, and the Ryotwari System were the three main land tenure systems in use in the nation before it gained independence. The primary distinction between both systems was how land revenue was paid.

The Land revenue system in British India is an important topic for the UPSC Exams. This topic covers a significant part of the UPSC History syllabus in the General Studies Paper-1 syllabus.

You can also register for the best coaching for history optional and begin your UPSC IAS preparation journey with Testbook.

What is Land Revenue?

Land revenue means any amount of money payable to the government instead of owning a piece of land by the owner. It is a form of tax paid to the government. To determine the amount of land revenue payable to the government, an assessment of the piece of the land is carried out, known as land settlement.

According to the government's policies, the land revenue may be payable in cash or in kind. Payment in kind is usually in the form of a fixed share of the product. For example, the Maratha Empire imposed a tax known as Chauth, fixed at 1/4th of the produce.

Attempt MCQs on land use patterns and land reforms here.

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Land Revenue System Under British Rule in India

With the arrival of British rule in India, the land ownership pattern went through a huge change. The British changed the system of land revenue collection, because of which the ownership of land also changed. They instituted a policy of eviction and sale of land in case revenue was not paid in full. This led to land becoming a mobile commodity, many peasants becoming landless and zamindars becoming wealthy.

The revenue rate was fixed at a very high level, which was unsustainable and led to mass evictions, poverty, and hardships among the masses. This was the chief reason for the inequitable distribution of land.

The British introduced three types of land revenue policy in India, they are:

  • Zamindari System (Permanent Settlement system)
  • Ryotwari System
  • Mahalwari System

Zamindari System (Permanent Settlement system)

During British rule, the Zamindari System was a land tenure system in colonial India.

It involved granting land rights to zamindars, intermediaries between the British colonial government and the peasants. Zamindars were given ownership rights over large land tracts and had the authority to collect revenue from peasants.

Issues Related to the Zamindari System

  • Zamindars were often exploitative and collected high rents from the peasants.
  • Many zamindars did not live on their estates. They left the management of their estates to agents who were often corrupt and oppressive.
  • Zamindars sublet their lands to other zamindars. They further sublet their lands to other zamindars, and so on. This led to a complex system of landownership and exploitation, with the peasants at the bottom of the ladder.
  • The zamindari system was inefficient and did not lead to agricultural development.

Also, know about Non-Aligned Movement for UPSC.

Ryotwari System
  • ‘Ryot’ means ‘peasant’ in Hindi. Thus, the Ryotwari system depended on the direct collection of revenue from the ‘ryot’ without the role of any intermediaries.
  • The Ryotwari system was introduced by Colonel Read in 1792. It was improved by Thomas Munroe in 1820.
  • As per this system, the tiller gave the revenue directly to the government without the role of any Zamindars.
  • This was implemented in Madras and Bombay.
  • Peasants remained the owners of their lands.
  • Peasants were held directly responsible for paying revenue to the government.

Issues Related to the Ryotwari System

  • The land revenue under the ryotwari system was often high. It was unaffordable for many peasants.
  • Ryots did not have secure tenure over their land and could be evicted if they failed to pay the land revenue.
  • Land holdings under the ryotwari system were often fragmented. This made it difficult for peasants to farm efficiently.
  • Many ryots were indebted to moneylenders, which made them vulnerable to exploitation.

Also read: Ryotwari System and Mahalwari System NCERT Notes here in detail.

Mahalwari System
  • The Mahalwari System was a land revenue settlement system implemented during the British colonial era in India.
  • It was introduced in areas under the control of the East India Company in the early 19th century.
  • Under this system, the village community or the 'Mahal' was considered the unit of revenue assessment.
  • The responsibility of paying revenue rested with the entire village community collectively.
  • The revenue was determined based on the land's productive capacity and the village's socio-economic conditions.
  • The Mahalwari System aimed to establish a direct relationship between the government and the village community, promoting self-governance.
  • However, it had limitations, such as the burden falling on the entire community, leading to exploitation and inequality.
  • Over time, the Mahalwari System was gradually replaced by other land settlement systems in different parts of India.

Issues Related to the Mahlwari System

  • The land revenue under the mahalwari system was often high and unaffordable for many peasants.
  • The mahalwari system held the village community collectively responsible for paying the land revenue. This led to the exploitation of poorer peasants by wealthier peasants.
  • The mahalwari system was prone to corruption. The village headmen often colluded with British officials to exploit the peasants.

Learn about the Home Rule Movement for UPSC here.

Effects of the Land revenue system in British India
  • The British land revenue systems in India had many negative consequences, including:
  • Peasants were forced to pay high taxes, and they often had to borrow money from moneylenders to do so. This led to high levels of indebtedness and poverty among the peasantry.
  • The land revenue systems also led to a concentration of land ownership in the hands of a few. This was because peasants who were unable to pay their taxes were forced to sell their land to wealthy landowners. 
  • The British land revenue systems discouraged investment in agriculture. This led to the decline of Indian agriculture. The high taxes and insecurity of tenure made it difficult for peasants to invest in their land.
  • The British land revenue systems also contributed to the occurrence of famines in India. This was because the high taxes left peasants with little food to eat.

UPSC Prelims Questions on the Land Revenue System in India

Q1) Who Introduced the Permanent Settlement system in India?

  • Tomas Munroe
  • William Bentinck
  • Colonel Read
  • Lord Cornwallis

Q2) Who introduced the Ryotwari system in India for the first time?

  • Thomas Munroe
  • William Bentinck
  • Colonel Read
  • Lord Cornwallis

Q3) Who introduced the Mahalwari system in India?

  • Holt McKenzie
  • William Bentinck
  • Colonel Read
  • Lord Cornwallis

Q4) Permanent settlement was introduced in which of the following regions?

  • Bengal
  • Madras
  • Bombay
  • Bihar

Q5) Ryotwari system was implemented in which of the following regions?

  • Bengal
  • Madras
  • Bombay
  • Both B and C

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FAQs on Land Revenue System in India

There were three land settlement methods in India during the British period: Permanent Settlement (also known as the Zamindari system), Ryotwari System and Mahalwari system.

During the British period, land revenue was collected in 3 ways: through Zamindars (in areas under Permanent settlement), Directly from the peasants (in areas under the Ryotwari system), and from a group of villages (in areas under the Mahalwari System).

The major difference between Permanent Settlement and Ryotwari System is that while under the permanent settlement system, land revenue was collected by the government from the zamindar; under the Ryotwari system, The government collected land revenue directly from the peasants.

Land revenue means any amount of money that is payable to the government in lieu of owning a piece of land by the owner. It is a form of tax paid to the government.

In order to determine the amount of land revenue that is payable to the government, an assessment of the piece of the land is carried out, which is known as land settlement.
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