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Home / IAS Preparation / Robert Clive: Early Life, Reforms Undertaken & Various Political Settlements

Robert Clive: Early Life, Reforms Undertaken & Various Political Settlements

Last Updated on May 25, 2021
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Robert Clive was twice appointed as the Governor of Bengal i.e from 1757 to 1760 and from 1765 to 1767. Robert Clive and Warren Hastings played a crucial role in laying the foundation to build the British Empire in India. He was known as the Clive of India. Robert Clive initially joined the British East India Company as a clerk and later he was appointed as the Governor by the British officials who were impressed by his efforts to establish British rule in India. He introduced the dual system of Government in Bengal.

These NCERT Notes on Robert Clive explain the various reforms made by him in the fields of civil and military and the political settlements during his period in India. Read through this topic to prepare for the UPSC IAS exams.

Robert Clive (UPSC Modern History) NCERT Notes: Download PDF Here

Who is Robert Clive?
  • Robert Clive was born on September 29, 1725 in England.
  • In 1744, he joined the service of British East India Company and worked as a clerk for the next two years at Fort St.George in Madras.
  • He later resigned from his clerical job and joined the British army.
  • He laid the foundation for British rule in India by winning the battle of Buxar in which he defeated the combined armies of Mughal emperor, Nawab of Awadh and Nawab of Bengal.
  • As a result of his victory in the battle of Buxar, the officials in London appointed Robert Clive as the Governor and Commander-in-chief of the British possessions in Bengal.

Check the NCERT Notes Cripps Mission here.

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Political Settlement Of Robert Clive 

Post the Battle of Buxar, Robert Clive concluded treaties with the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal emperor at Allahabad which was mainly the political settlement.

Robert Clive’s Settlement With Nawab of Awadh

  • Robert Clive met the then Nawab of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daula and concluded the Treaty of Allahabad with him on August 16,1765.
  • Under this treaty Shuja-ud-Daula was confirmed of his possessions under certain terms and conditions. They were:
    1. The Nawab was asked to surrender Allahabad and Kara districts to the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II
    2. War indemnity of Rs. 50 Lakhs was to be paid to the company.
    3. The Zamindar of Banaras, Balwant Singh was to be given full possession of his estate.
  • Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh agreed to the above terms of the Treaty of Allahabad.
  • He further entered into an agreement with the British East India Company, according to which the Nawab would provide military support to the Company at the time of their need and likewise the Company would supply troops to the Nawab in order to defend his frontiers. Nawab agreed to pay the Company for maintenance of the troops.
  • This treaty established a friendly relationship between the Company and the Nawab. Company made Awadh their buffer state.

Check the NCERT Notes rise of Gandhi in Indian freedom struggle here.

Robert Clive’s Settlement With Shah Alam II

  • Besides the treaty with the Nawab of Awadh, Robert Clive also concluded another Treaty of Allahabad with the Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II on August 12, 1765.
  • Under the Treaty of Allahabad,
    1. The Mughal emperor was taken under protection of the company and asked to reside in Allahabad which was ceded to him by the Nawab of Awadh.
    2. Along with Allahabad, Kara was also ceded to the Mughal emperor.
    3. He was asked to issue Farman to the British East India Company, which grants diwani rights (the right to collect tax) over Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. In return for this, the Company made an annual tribute of Rs. 26 lakh to the emperor.
    4. The British East India Company provided Rs. 53 lakhs to the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II for carrying out the Nizamat functions (defence, police, military and administrative functions).
  • Thus with this treaty, Robert Clive legalised the political gains of the Company by obtaining the farman.

You might like to read: Bal Gangadhar Tilak here

Robert Clive’s Settlement Of Bengal

  • The Mughal emperor granted the English diwani powers in the regions of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. Their Nizamat privileges, however, remained with the Nawab.
  • As a result, the English agreed to pay the Nawab a yearly set sum to cover his costs. The “Dual Government in Bengal” is the name given to this setup.
  • Clive’s political arrangements were evidence of his foresight.
  • The Battle of Buxar had put the English in a position where they could quickly gain control of a significant portion of northern India.
  • However, the Company lacked the financial and military resources to take on that duty.
  • Clive, as a result, took no chances, avoided all conceivable problems, and reached agreements that gave the Company complete benefits with no risk or additional duty.

Also read: NCERT Modern History Notes on Partition Of Bengal for UPSC here

Administrative Reforms Of Robert Clive 

Civil Reforms

In the middle of the eighteenth century, bribery and corruption was widely practised by the servants of the British East India Company. They also misused the Company’s dastaks (Trade permit) by indulging in private trade. Robert Clive on noticing this brought about several reforms in the administrative system. Some of the important civil reforms were

  • The servants of the Company were asked to sign an agreement in order to prohibit them from accepting gifts.
  • He made the payment of internal duties mandatory and restricted the servants of the Company to not indulge in private trade practises.
  • In August 1765, Robert Clive formed the Society of trade which was given the monopoly of trade in salt, betelnut and tobacco. The profits made out of these trades were distributed to the servants of the Company based on their ranks.
    • However, this led to the increase in the price of the commodities, which made it difficult for the people of Bengal. Thus Robert Clive abolished this society in 1767.

Check the NCERT Notes: Mauryan Empire here.

Military Reforms

  • The military officers in Bengal were paid double bhatta i.e field allowances, compared to those equivalents in the Madras army. Thus in 1763, the Court of Directors issued an order to reduce the double bhatta that was being paid to the Bengal military officers. However the order was not implemented.
  • In 1765, Robert Clive announced that double bhatta would be paid only to those military officers who serve outside the frontiers of Bihar and Bengal. This was implemented from January 1, 1766. Despite various objections from the White Brigades, he implemented this order.

Legacy of Robert Clive
  • Clive’s legacy in India was over 200 years of British control. During this time, India and the United Kingdom formed cultural ties that have endured since colonial control ended.
  • In India, English is still an important language, and it has aided Indians’ capacity to participate and compete worldwide in the field of ICT (information and communication technology).
  • Infrastructure created by the British, such as railways and roads, as well as administrative procedures, have remained in place in post-independence India.
  • Clive’s impact was enormous. He had nearly single-handedly ensured the start of the British Empire, as well as the unique blend of British and Indian cultures that exists today.

Significance Of Robert Clive’s Rule

  • During the second Carnatic war, Robert Clive led the British forces against the combined force of the Nawab of Carnatic and the French East India Company and besieged Arcot from 23 September 1751 to 14 November 1751.
  • In 1757, he won the battle of Plassey in Bengal which was fought against the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daula.
  • During his tenure, the British won the Battle of Chinsura and Battle of Buxar.

    • Most of the administrative reforms introduced by Robert Clive were failures. He was criticized that most of his expedients added only to the disorders in India rather than establishing peace. The revenue reforms made by Robert Clive during his tenure were the major cause for Bengal famine 1770.

    Study from the best UPSC Civil Services History Books here!

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More Articles for IAS Preparation

Robert Clive NCERT Notes FAQs

Robert Clive was the British General who served as the Governor of Bengal twice from 1757 to 1760 and from 1765 to 1767.

Robert Clive introduced the dual system of Government in Bengal in 1765. This system lasted till 1772 and it was abolished by Lord Warren Hastings.

Robert Clive laid the foundation for the British rule in India by winning the battle of Buxar. Along with him, Lord Warren Hastings is also credited for laying the foundation for British rule.

At the end of the Battle of Buxar, Robert Clive concluded two treatises of Allahabad, one with the Nawab of Awadh and the other with the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II. The treaty was concluded on August 12, 1765.

The Dual system of Government was a type of government introduced by Robert Clive in Bengal. Under this system the British East India Company carried out the Diwani and nizamat functions and the Nawab of Bengal was given responsibility to establish peace and order in the state.
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