Institutions of Jagir and Mansab system were also introduced by:

The correct answer is Mughals.

Key Points

• The Jagir system and Mansab system were introduced and institutionalized by the Mughal emperors, primarily during the reign of Akbar.
• The Mansab system was a hierarchical system of civil and military ranks used to organize the Mughal administration and military.
• The Jagir system was a land revenue assignment system in which Mansabdars were granted revenue rights over a piece of land (Jagir) in lieu of their service to the empire.
• The Mansabdars were required to maintain a certain number of troops as part of their military obligation to the Mughal emperor.
• The Mughal administration under Akbar codified these systems to ensure loyalty, centralization, and efficient governance across the vast empire.

Additional Information

• Mansab System:
  • The term "Mansab" means rank or position, and the system was used to classify the imperial officers in terms of their rank and responsibilities.
  • It was a dual rank system: Zat (personal rank indicating status) and Sawar (rank indicating the number of cavalry a Mansabdar had to maintain).
  • The system ensured centralized control and loyalty of the nobility to the Mughal emperor.
• Jagir System:
  • The term "Jagir" refers to a piece of land assigned to Mansabdars in lieu of their salary or services.
  • Revenue collected from the Jagir was used to pay the soldiers and maintain administrative functions.
  • The system ensured a steady flow of resources for the empire but was prone to corruption and inefficiency over time.
• Akbar's Reforms:
  • Akbar introduced detailed regulations to ensure fair and efficient implementation of the Mansab and Jagir systems.
  • Land revenue assessments were conducted under the supervision of his revenue minister, Raja Todar Mal.
• Decline of the Systems:
  • By the later Mughal period, the Jagir system faced issues like over-assignment of land (Jagirdari crisis), leading to inefficiency and weakening of the empire.
  • The weakening of central authority under later Mughals caused these systems to become less effective.