What is the correct sequence of steps in case of inference according to Indian Logic?

(A) Statement of similarity/applicability of the example to case in consideration (upanaya)

(B) Statement of Reason (hetu)

(C) Affirmation of the thesis as proved (nigmana)

(D) Statement of thesis (Pratijna)

(E) Giving an example of the underlying rule (udaharana)

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

Key Points

 In Indian logic inference is known as “Anumāna.” It is knowledge (mānā) which arises after (anu) other knowledge. Thus the literal meaning of anumāna is knowledge which comes after some other knowledge.

Important PointsPratijna (Thesis): It is the thesis to be established, which makes a statement. It means that through which something is proved. For example, 'the hill is fiery'.

Hetu (Reason): It states the reason for the statement. For Example, ‘Because there is smoke on the hill’.

Udaharana (Exemplification): It is the universal proposition that shows the invariable concomitance between the reason and the inferable predicate supported by an example ‘Whenever there is smoke there is fire’ e.g. the Kitchen.

Upanaya (Application): It is the application of the universal proposition to a particular instance. For example, the hill is smoking.

 Nigmana (conclusion):  It is the conclusion drawn from the preceding members. For example, ‘therefore the hill is fiery’.

Additional Information The following is a a typical nyaya syllogism.

1. This hill has fire (pratijna),

2. Because it has smoke (hetu),

3. Whatever has smoke has fire e.g. an oven (udaharana),

 4. This hill as smoke which is invariably associated with fire (upanaya),

 5. Therefore this hill has fire (nigamana).

Therefore the correct sequence of steps incase of inference (anumana) are- Pratijna, Hetu, Udharana, Upanaya, Nigamana.