What is the term used in legal parlance for shortening of a term of punishment or lowering of the level of punishment? 

The correct answer is Commutation.

Key Points

• Commutation refers to the reduction of a criminal sentence, either in terms of the length of imprisonment or the severity of the penalty.
• This legal action is typically granted by an executive authority such as a governor or the president.
• Commutation does not nullify the conviction; it merely alters the punishment imposed by the court.
• It is often considered in cases involving good behavior, rehabilitation, or humanitarian grounds.
• Commutation differs from a pardon, as it does not eliminate the criminal record.

Additional Information

• Pardon:
  • A pardon is the complete forgiveness and removal of all legal penalties and consequences of a crime.
  • It is granted by the executive branch of the government, typically by a president or governor.
  • Unlike commutation, a pardon may restore civil rights and expunge the criminal record.
• Parole:
  • Parole is the conditional release of a prisoner before the completion of their sentence.
  • The individual must comply with specific terms and remain under supervision.
  • Parole is granted by a parole board based on factors such as behavior, rehabilitation, and risk to society.
• Probation:
  • Probation is an alternative to imprisonment where the offender is allowed to remain in the community under supervision.
  • The individual must adhere to certain conditions set by the court, such as regular check-ins with a probation officer.
  • Violation of probation terms can lead to imprisonment.
• Amnesty:
  • Amnesty is a governmental act of forgiveness for past offenses, typically granted to a group of individuals.
  • It often applies to political offenses or acts of rebellion.
  • Amnesty can result in the restoration of legal rights and immunities.