Other Initiatives MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Other Initiatives - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

The Ganga action plan (GAP) was, launched by Shri Rajeev Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India on 14 Jan. 1986 with the main objective of pollution abatement, to improve the water quality by Interception, Diversion, and treatment of domestic sewage and present toxic and industrial chemical wastes from identified grossly polluting units entering into the river. 

Main objectives:

• Control of non-point pollution from agricultural runoff, human defecation, cattle wallowing, and throwing of unburnt and half-burnt bodies into the river.
• Research and Development to conserve the biotic, diversity of the river to augment its productivity.
• The new technology of sewage treatment like Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) and sewage treatment through afforestation has been successfully developed.
• Rehabilitation of soft-shelled turtles for pollution abatement of the river has been demonstrated and found useful.
• Resource recovery options like the production of methane for energy generation and the use of aquaculture for revenue generation have been demonstrated.
• To act as a trendsetter for taking up similar action plans in other grossly polluted stretches in other rivers.

State-wise coverage:

This project failed to achieve its desired goals. The major cause of the failure of the Ganga action plan was the huge gap between the demand and availability of the sewage treatment capacity as well as there was lack of freshwater availability. The GAP (Ganga Action Plan) – a project to clean up the polluted waters of the Ganga – plans to intercept and divert municipal sewage falling into the river from 25 large urban conglomerates in three states, UP, Bihar, and West Bengal.

Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.

INSPIRE is a popular programme for promoting science and technology supported by Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt, of India.

Explanation:

1. Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE) is an innovative programme sponsored and managed by the Department of Science & Technology for attraction of talent to Science.
2. The basic objective of INSPIRE is to communicate to the youth of the country the excitements of creative pursuit of science, attract talent to the study of science at an early age and thus build the required critical human resource pool for strengthening and expanding the Science & Technology system and R&D base.
3. A striking feature of the programme is that it does not believe in conducting competitive exams for identification of talent at any level.
4. It believes in and relies on the efficacy of the existing educational structure for identification of talent.

INSPIRE has three components:

1. Scheme for Early Attraction of Talent (SEATS)
2. Scholarship for Higher Education (SHE)
3. Assured Opportunity for Research Careers (AORC)

‘Blue Revolution: Integrated Development and Management of Fisheries' Foreseeing potential, the Hon’ble Prime Minister has called for “a revolution” in the fisheries sector and named it  “Blue Revolution”. The Blue Revolution, with its multi-activities, focuses mainly on increasing fisheries production and productivity from aquaculture and fisheries resources, both inland and marine.

• The introduction of science and technology in fisheries made revolutionary changes in the fishing industries which paved the way for the Blue Revolution. 
• The profession of fishing originated from the very beginning of the existence of human beings.
• It is one of the earliest factors of economic growth along with the hunting and pastoral stages of economic activities.
• The growth of science and technology which led to the development of fishing had a tremendous development in the twentieth century.
• The art of fishing had phenomenal growth and change from the mode of agricultural activities.
• The fishing industry was an important source of income not only to the government but also to the public who had got well advanced in the nature of fishing but the fisheries department.
• There was much expected phenomenal growth.

Hence: High fish production is expected to bring the Blue revolution. With vast and varied fisheries resources, the available technologies and promising growth potentials, the managing of the rivers and reservoirs, the flood plain wetlands, the upland waters, the deep sea resources, aquaculture in various aquatic regimes are some of the steps which would usher in the 'blue revolution' during the 21st century.

The fishing and aquaculture contribute 5.15 % to gross value added from the agriculture sector in 2013-14. Though fish production has increased in a high rate than foodgrains, milk, eggs, and many other food items generally, the consumption of fish among the fish-eating population (56 %) is still about 3.24 kg and 3.07 kg per capita per annum in 2011-12 in the rural and urban area, respectively (NSSO). Among the Asian countries, India ranks second in aquaculture and third in capture fisheries. Fish production in the country has increased from 0.75 million tonnes in 1950-51 to 10.79 million tonnes during 2015-16. The fisheries sector has emerged as an important component in the agricultural sector of the country.

Thus, (b), (c) and (e) is the correct answer.

The Vienna Convention is often called a framework convention because it served as a framework for efforts to protect the globe’s ozone layer.

Key Points 

• The objective of the Vienna Convention is to preserve human health and to protect the environment from any harmful effects of the depletion of the ozone layer.
• The Vienna Convention was the first convention of any kind to be signed by every country involved, in the Protection of the Ozone Layer. It is a multilateral environmental agreement signed in 1985 taking effect in 1988 and reaching universal ratification in 2009.
• This speaks to the enormity of ozone depletion at the time and the willingness of countries around the world to work together to solve it.
• The Vienna Convention did not require countries to take concrete actions to control ozone depleting substances.
• Instead, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention, the countries of the world agreed with the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer the Convention, to advance that goal.

Additional Information

• The Basel Convention regulates the transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and other wastes and obliges its Parties to ensure that such wastes are managed and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner. The Convention covers toxic, poisonous, explosive, corrosive, flammable, ecotoxic, and infectious wastes.
• The Bonn Convention is the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (also known as CMS ) aims to conserve terrestrial, marine, and avian migratory species throughout their range.
• The Stockholm Convention is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants (POPs). POPs are chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms, and are toxic to humans and wildlife. POPs circulate globally and can cause damage wherever they travel. In implementing the Convention, Governments will take measures to eliminate or reduce the release of POPs into the environment. Over 152 countries ratified the Convention and it entered into force, on 17 May 2004.

Hence the Vienna convention is adopted for the protection of ozone layer.

The correct answer is Sunderlal Bahuguna.

Explanation-

The Chipko movement, an ecological movement where people embraced trees to prevent them from being cut down, originated in India in the 1970s. The movement in its modern form began in 1973 in the Uttarakhand region of India. It was primarily a forest conservation movement in India that sought to prevent deforestation that threatened local ecosystems.

Though Gaura Devi is often associated with the starting of the action-part of the movement in 1974 when she led a group of women in Reni village, Chamoli, Uttarakhand, to prevent the cutting down of trees, it was really an effort of groups of villagers across the region.

Sunderlal Bahuguna, an environmentalist and Chipko movement leader, played a crucial role in promoting the movement and giving it a philosophical direction. His appeals for implementing forest conservation policies were very significant to the momentum and success of the movement.

Environmental information system:

• Realising the importance of Environmental Information, the Government of India, in December 1982, established an Environmental Information System (ENVIS) as a planned programme.
• The focus of ENVIS since inception has been on providing environmental information to decision-makers, policy planners, scientists and engineers, research workers, etc. all over the country. 

Long-Term Objectives

• to build up a repository and dissemination centre in Environmental Science and Engineering;
• to gear up state-of-the-art technologies of information acquisition, processing, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information of environmental nature; and
• to support and promote research, development and innovation in environmental information technology.

Short-Term Objectives

• to provide national environmental information service relevant to present needs and capable of development to meet the future needs of the users, originators, processors and disseminators of information;
• to build up storage, retrieval and dissemination capabilities with the ultimate objectives of disseminating information speedily to the users;
• to promote, national and international cooperation and liaison for exchange of environment-related information;
• to promote, support and assist education and personnel training programmes designed to enhance environmental information processing and utilisation capabilities;
• to promote exchange of information amongst developing countries.

Maharashtra government has launched the project "Jalayukt Shivar Abhiyaan" in a bid to make Maharashtra a drought-free state by 2019.

Jalyukta Shivar

• Launched in December 2014 after Maharashtra experienced consecutive droughts, the project aimed at rolling out measures that could potentially mitigate water scarcity in the most drought-prone villages in a systematic manner.
• Nearly 52 percent of the state’s geographical area is prone to drought, either naturally or due to poor rainfall.
• This includes Marathwada and adjoining areas of Madhya Maharashtra and large parts of Vidarbha.
• The project targeted strengthening and streamlining existing water resources like canals, bunds and ponds by arresting maximum run-off rainwater during monsoon.
• Tasks to widen and deepen natural water streams and connect them to nearby water storage facilities like earthen or concrete check-dams was proposed.
• In the first phase, planned during 2015 – 2019, Jalyukta Shivar envisaged to make 5,000 villages drought-free, every year. During its proposed tenure, the government eyed at making 25,000 drought-prone villages water-sufficient.

National Centre for Molecular Materials Research (NCMMR)

• The Government decided to establish a National Centre for Molecular Materials Research (NCMMR) at Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
• It is an autonomous institution under the Department of Science & Technology.
• Its vision is to become an internationally recognised centre of excellence in the design and development of novel functional molecular materials, with a capacity to integrate the novel materials into devices and seed the development of high technology industry.
• The Memorandum of Association and Rules & Regulations have been framed and NCMMR registered as a Society under the Travancore-Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Registration Act at Thiruvananthapuram.
• The responsibility of extending administrative support and carrying out financial due-diligence assigned to Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, an autonomous institution under the Department of Science & Technology, as an interim arrangement.
• The Government is pursuing the establishment of NCMMR in right earnest so that the objectives for creation of this centre of excellence can be achieved.

The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade

• (IDWSSD), 1981-1990, emerged from the 1977 Mar del Plata, United Nations Water Conference, based on previous recommendations arising from the 1976 United Nations Habitat Conference.
• The stated objective of the Decade was to "provide all people with water of safe quality in adequate quantity and basic sanitation facilities by 1990. If possible, according to priority to the poor and less privileged" (UNDP 1980).

Ministry of Jal Shakti

• launched in May 2019 as an immediate response to solve the ongoing water crisis in the country.
• It also sees the reorganization of existing ministries and departments like the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation as well as the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation coming under the umbrella of this new ministry.
•  launched Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA), an intensive water conservation campaign built on citizen participation to accelerate water conservation across the country.