Rural Society, Caste and tribes, Peasant Society MCQ Quiz in मराठी - Objective Question with Answer for Rural Society, Caste and tribes, Peasant Society - मोफत PDF डाउनलोड करा

The correct answer is - 2 and 4 are correct

Key Points

• Land Ownership and Caste Privilege
  • There is often a close link between land ownership and caste privilege in rural India.
  • Historically, higher castes have had greater access to land and resources, which has perpetuated their economic and social dominance.
• Denial of Land Ownership to Dalit Castes
  • Many Dalit castes were historically denied land ownership.
  • This exclusion enforced their marginalization and economic dependency on higher caste groups.

Additional Information

• Dominant Castes and Caste Hierarchy
  • Dominant castes are not always the highest castes in the caste hierarchy.
  • Dominant castes are those with significant landholding and economic power, which may not necessarily align with their traditional caste status.
  • For example, some dominant castes like the Jats, Kammas, and Patidars are not at the top of the caste hierarchy but hold substantial land and economic power.
• Land Ownership among Brahmins
  • The statement that Brahmins are the largest landowners in most parts of India is incorrect.
  • Brahmins, traditionally being priests and scholars, have not been the main landowning group compared to other dominant agricultural castes.
  • Landownership has traditionally been more associated with castes involved in agriculture rather than those in the scholarly or priestly roles.
• Caste and Class Intersections
  • The relationship between caste and class in rural India is complex and interlinked, with land ownership playing a crucial role in determining both economic status and social standing.
  • Castes that control substantial agricultural land often enjoy both economic wealth and social prestige, contributing to their dominance in rural society.

The correct answer is - Proprietary caste.

Key Points

• Proprietary caste
  • The term proprietary caste refers to large landowners who employ agricultural laborers.
  • They dominate rural society both economically and politically by controlling substantial lands and resources.
  • Their prominent status allows them to influence local governance and sociopolitical dynamics.

Additional Information

• Dominant Castes
  • Dominant castes, often synonymous with proprietary castes, possess economic clout and political influence due to their control over extensive agrarian land.
  • Examples include Jats in Punjab, Kammas in Andhra Pradesh, and Lingayats in Karnataka.
• Agricultural Laborers
  • Agricultural laborers work on the farms owned by proprietary castes, often under terms that reinforce economic disparities.
  • They may face exploitative working conditions and lack security in employment.
• Rural Power Structure
  • The power structure in rural areas is heavily influenced by land ownership, with proprietary castes dictating terms in both social and political spheres.
  • This hierarchical setup often leads to the marginalization of lower caste groups and perpetuates social inequities.

The correct answer is - 1 - A, 2 - C, 3 - B, 4 - D

Key Points

• Jat Sikhs - Punjab
  • The Jat Sikhs are the predominant landowning group in Punjab.
  • They control large agricultural lands and have significant economic and political influence in the region.
• Kammas - Andhra Pradesh
  • Kammas are a dominant landholding community in Andhra Pradesh.
  • They are known for their agricultural productivity and substantial landownership.
• Lingayats - Karnataka
  • The Lingayats are a significant landowning group in Karnataka.
  • They play a vital role in the agrarian economy of the state.
• Rajputs - Uttar Pradesh
  • Rajputs are one of the major landowning castes in Uttar Pradesh.
  • They possess considerable agricultural land and exert influence in rural areas.

Additional Information

• Agrarian Structure
  • The term agrarian structure refers to the distribution of landholding in rural areas.
  • It significantly impacts the socioeconomic dynamics and class structure in these regions.
• Class and Social Structure
  • Access to land largely determines one's role in agriculture and their economic status.
  • Medium and large landowners typically have higher incomes, while agricultural laborers and tenants have lower incomes and insecure employment.
• Dominant Castes
  • As coined by sociologist M.N. Srinivas, dominant castes control substantial land and dominate local economic and political spheres.
  • Examples of dominant castes include Jats, Rajputs, Vokkaligas, Lingayats, Kammas, Reddis, and Jat Sikhs across various regions.
• Marginal Farmers and Landless Labourers
  • Most marginal farmers and landless laborers belong to lower caste groups such as SC/STs and OBCs.
  • Historically, dalit castes provided much of the agricultural labor for dominant landowning groups.

The correct answer is - M.S.A. Rao

Key Points

• M.S.A. Rao
  • M.S.A. Rao was a renowned Indian sociologist known for his extensive fieldwork and studies on urbanization and social change.
  • He conducted the field study of the fringe village Shamirpur to investigate the process of urbanization and social change.
  • Rao's work contributed significantly to understanding the dynamics of rural-urban interaction and the social implications of urbanization in India.
  • His research provided valuable insights into how urbanization impacts social structures, cultural practices, and community life.

Additional Information

• S.C. Dube
  • S.C. Dube was a prominent Indian anthropologist and sociologist.
  • He is well-known for his works on Indian society, culture, and tribal studies.
  • Dube conducted significant research on village India and contributed to understanding the complexities of Indian rural life.
• Irawati Karve
  • Irawati Karve was an Indian anthropologist and sociologist.
  • She made substantial contributions to the study of kinship, social organization, and the anthropology of India.
  • Karve's work focused on the social structures and cultural practices of Indian communities.
• A.R. Desai
  • A.R. Desai was a noted Indian sociologist known for his Marxist approach to sociology.
  • He conducted extensive studies on the Indian working class, peasant movements, and the sociology of Indian society.
  • Desai's work emphasized the role of class struggle and economic factors in shaping social change.

The correct answer is - Maffesoli

Key Points

• Maffesoli
  • The term neo-tribes was propounded by the French sociologist Michel Maffesoli.
  • He introduced the concept in the context of contemporary social groupings that form based on shared interests and lifestyles.
  • These groupings are characterized by fluidity and temporary alliances, unlike traditional tribes.
  • Neo-tribes are often formed around shared musical tastes, consumer preferences, and other cultural elements.

Additional Information

• Michel Maffesoli
  • Known for his work in postmodern sociology.
  • Explores themes like the social imaginary and collective consciousness.
• Characteristics of Neo-Tribes
  • Defined by shared experiences rather than kinship.
  • Members come together voluntarily and temporarily.
  • Often linked by consumption practices and lifestyle choices.
• Impact on Consumer Culture
  • Neo-tribes influence marketing strategies and brand loyalty.
  • Businesses target these groups through niche marketing and customized experiences.

The correct answer is - D, B, A, C, E

Key Points

• D, B, A, C, E
  • The correct chronological order of the tribal revolts in India is:
    • D. Baba Tilka Majhi revolt (1784-1785)
    • B. Santhal revolt (1855-1856)
    • A. Birsa Munda revolt (1899-1900)
    • C. Munda revolt (Late 19th century)
    • E. Tana Bhagat revolt (1914-1920)
  • Each of these revolts played a significant role in the tribal resistance against colonial rule and exploitation.
  • Understanding the sequence helps in better comprehension of the evolution and spread of tribal resistance movements over time.

Additional Information

• Baba Tilka Majhi revolt
  • Occurred in 1784-1785 in Bihar.
  • First tribal leader to take up arms against the British.
  • Fought against the exploitation and atrocities of the British East India Company.
• Santhal revolt
  • Took place in 1855-1856.
  • Santhals of present-day Jharkhand revolted against the British colonial authority and zamindari system.
  • Led by Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu.
• Birsa Munda revolt
  • Occurred in 1899-1900.
  • Birsa Munda led the Munda tribe against British policies and Christian missionaries.
  • Significantly contributed to the independence movement.
• Munda revolt
  • Took place in the late 19th century.
  • Primarily led by the Munda tribe in Jharkhand.
  • Focused on issues like forced labour, land grabbing, and exploitation by landlords.
• Tana Bhagat revolt
  • Occurred between 1914-1920.
  • Led by the Tana Bhagat sect of Oraon tribe.
  • Opposed British rule and sought to reform social practices within their community.

The correct answer is - Jan Breman and others

Key Points

• Jan Breman and others
  • Jan Breman, along with other scholars, has conducted extensive research on migrant labor in rural areas.
  • Their studies highlight how migrants embody rural cosmopolitanism, adapting to diverse and new environments while retaining connections to their rural origins.
  • Breman's work is significant in the field of rural sociology and migration studies, offering a nuanced understanding of migrant experiences.

Additional Information

• Rural Cosmopolitanism
  • Rural cosmopolitanism refers to the ability of rural migrants to navigate and integrate into urban settings while maintaining their rural cultural identities.
  • It involves a dynamic interplay between local and global influences, enabling migrants to contribute to both rural and urban economies.
• Migrant Labor Studies
  • This field examines the socioeconomic conditions, challenges, and contributions of migrant workers.
  • Key areas of focus include labor rights, economic impact, and the social integration of migrants.
• Jan Breman's Contributions
  • Breman's research has shed light on the exploitation and resilience of migrant workers in India.
  • His work emphasizes the importance of understanding migration in the context of broader social and economic structures.

The correct answer is - Orthogenetic and Heterogenetic factors

Key Points

• Orthogenetic and Heterogenetic factors
  • The cultural process of change in India is explained through the concepts of little and great traditions.
  • These traditions involve a continual flow of themes, ideas, or symbols between different social organizations.
  • Orthogenetic factors refer to changes that originate within a culture itself.
  • Heterogenetic factors refer to changes that are influenced by external cultures or societies.
  • The interaction between these internal and external factors triggers the process of cultural change.

Additional Information

• Little and Great Traditions
  • Little traditions refer to the localized, often rural and indigenous cultural practices.
  • Great traditions encompass the broader, more universal cultural practices, often associated with urban and literate societies.
• Cultural Diffusion
  • Cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another.
  • This process is influenced by factors such as trade, migration, and communication.
• Acculturation
  • Acculturation is the process of cultural change and psychological change that results following the meeting between cultures.
  • It involves the adoption of cultural traits, such as language or customs, by one group under the influence of another.

The correct answer is - B, C, E, D, A

Key Points

• B, C, E, D, A is the correct chronological order of the sociological studies on caste in India.
  • Caste and class in India (Option B) by G.S. Ghurye was published in 1950.
  • Caste in modern India and other essays (Option C) by M.N. Srinivas was published in 1962.
  • Caste, class and power (Option E) by André Béteille was published in 1965.
  • Homo Hierarchicus (Option D) by Louis Dumont was published in 1966.
  • Caste in contemporary India (Option A) is the most recent study, covering contemporary issues related to caste.

Additional Information

• G.S. Ghurye
  • Known as one of the founding figures of Indian sociology.
  • His work "Caste and class in India" is pivotal for understanding the early sociological perspectives on caste.
• M.N. Srinivas
  • Introduced concepts like "Sanskritization" and "Westernization."
  • His essays provide significant insights into the changes in caste dynamics post-independence.
• André Béteille
  • Focused on the intersections of caste, class, and power in Indian society.
  • His comparative studies have been influential in understanding social stratification.
• Louis Dumont
  • Known for his structuralist approach.
  • "Homo Hierarchicus" is a comprehensive analysis of the caste system's ideological and social structures.
• Contemporary Studies
  • Examine the current state and evolution of caste in modern India.
  • Address issues like caste-based discrimination, reservation policies, and the impact of globalization.

The correct answer is - 'Peasant Society and Culture'.

Key Points

• Robert Redfield, a leading figure in anthropology, introduced the concepts of "Little Tradition" and "Great Tradition" in 'Peasant Society and Culture'.
• These concepts are used to analyze and describe the dichotomy and interaction between the local, often rural, cultures of societies (Little Traditions).
• The more universal, often urban, cultural and religious systems that are part of a civilization's great heritage (Great Tradition).
• Redfield's study highlighted how these two traditions coexist, interact, and influence each other within societies, providing a framework for understanding cultural dynamics in complex societies, especially in the context of modernization and change.

Additional Information'The Folk Culture of Yucatan':

• In this work, Redfield explored the cultural life of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico.
• Redfield conducted detailed ethnographic research to understand the complexities of Mexican rural life and culture.
• His observations in such contexts allowed him to conceptualize and later formalize the notions of Little and Great Traditions.
• Redfield's work in Yucatan and other regions played a crucial role in shaping his understanding of cultural dynamics, illustrating the interplay between the more localized, community-based traditions and broader civilizational influences.