By considering standard notations, in VCO, the centre frequency is

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UPSC ESE (Prelims) Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering 19 Feb 2023 Official Paper
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  1. \(f_0=2 \frac{V_{+}+V_C}{V_{+} R_1 C_1} \)
  2. \(f_0=4 \frac{V_{+}+V_C}{V_{+} R_1 C_1} \)
  3. \(f_0=4 \frac{V_{+}-V_C}{V_{+} R_1 C_1} \)
  4. \(f_0=2 \frac{V_{+}-V_C}{V_{+} R_1 C_1}\)

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : \(f_0=2 \frac{V_{+}+V_C}{V_{+} R_1 C_1} \)
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Detailed Solution

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A voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO) is an electronic oscillator whose output frequency is controlled by a voltage input. It generates an oscillating signal, typically a waveform like a sine, square, or triangle wave, and the frequency of this output signal is directly influenced by an externally applied voltage. By adjusting the voltage, one can precisely control and modulate the frequency of the output waveform.

\(f_c = \frac{2(V_+-V_c)}{V+R_1C_1}\)

fc = center frequency.

Here, option 1 is correct.

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