In the context of pavement material characterization, the CORRECT statement(s) is/are

Explanation:

The correct statements regarding pavement material characterization are:

1. "In compacted bituminous mix, voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA) is equal to the sum of total volume of air voids (Vᵥ) and total volume of bitumen (Vᵦ)."
   Correct - VMA represents the total void space within the aggregate structure, including both air voids and bitumen.

2. "The toughness and hardness of road aggregates are determined by Los Angeles abrasion test and aggregate impact test, respectively."
   Incorrect -

   • The Los Angeles Abrasion Test measures the abrasion resistance (not toughness).
   • The Aggregate Impact Test measures toughness (resistance to sudden impact), whereas hardness is generally evaluated using crushing strength tests.

3. "The load penetration curve of the CBR test may need origin correction due to the non-vertical penetrating plunger of the loading machine."
   Correct - A non-vertical plunger can cause errors in the initial part of the CBR curve, requiring origin correction.

4. "Grading of normal (unmodified) bitumen binders is done based on viscosity test results."
   Correct - Bitumen binders are graded based on viscosity tests, which determine their performance in different temperature conditions.