Match List - I with List - II.

List – I		List - II
A.	Mental Retardation	I.	Achievement-potential discrepancy
B.	Learning disabilities	II.	Impulsive behaviour
C.	Autism spectrum disorder	III.	Intelligence Quotient
D.	Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder	IV.	Social skills deficit

Choose the correct answer from the options given below : 

The correct answer is - A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II

Key Points

• Mental Retardation (A - III)
  • Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is a critical measure used to diagnose mental retardation.
  • An IQ below 70, along with impairments in adaptive functioning, is indicative of mental retardation.
  • It primarily affects intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.
• Learning Disabilities (B - I)
  • Associated with an achievement-potential discrepancy, where an individual’s academic performance is significantly below what is expected based on their intellectual ability.
  • Common examples include dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia.
  • Learning disabilities are not related to overall intelligence but rather specific cognitive processing deficits.
• Autism Spectrum Disorder (C - IV)
  • Characterized by a deficit in social skills and communication, along with restricted and repetitive behaviors.
  • Individuals may face challenges in understanding social cues, building relationships, and showing empathy.
  • It affects social interaction, nonverbal communication, and sensory processing.
• Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (D - II)
  • Exhibited through impulsive behavior, hyperactivity, and difficulty maintaining focus.
  • ADHD affects executive functioning, leading to poor impulse control and attention regulation.
  • It is commonly treated with behavioral therapy and medication.

Additional Information

• Mental Retardation
  • It is now referred to as Intellectual Disability in modern diagnostic manuals like DSM-5.
  • Can result from genetic conditions (e.g., Down syndrome), prenatal factors (e.g., alcohol exposure), or environmental factors (e.g., malnutrition).
  • Early intervention programs can improve adaptive functioning and quality of life.
• Learning Disabilities
  • Unlike intellectual disabilities, individuals with learning disabilities typically have average or above-average intelligence.
  • Interventions include specialized education plans, tutoring, and accommodations like extra time for exams.
• Autism Spectrum Disorder
  • It is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a wide range of severity, hence the term “spectrum.”
  • Early diagnosis and therapies like Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) can significantly improve outcomes.
• Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder
  • It is more common in children but can persist into adulthood.
  • Stimulant medications like methylphenidate and non-stimulant options are used for treatment.