When is an act considered to be done "voluntarily" under Section 2(33) of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita?

  1. Only when the person intends to cause the exact effect that occurred
  2. Only if the person did not regret the consequences of their act
  3. When the person either intended to cause the effect or knew it was likely to occur
  4. When the person acted under external pressure or coercion

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : When the person either intended to cause the effect or knew it was likely to occur

Detailed Solution

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The correct answer is Option 3.

Key PointsSection 2 (33) of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita:  “voluntarily”.—A person is said to cause an effect “voluntarily” when he causes it by means whereby he intended to cause it, or by means which, at the time of employing those means, he knew or had reason to believe to be likely to cause it. 
Illustration.
A sets fire, by night, to an inhabited house in a large town, for the purpose of facilitating a robbery and thus causes the death of a person. Here, A may not have intended to cause death; and may even be sorry that death has been caused by his act; yet, if he knew that he was likely to cause death, he has caused death voluntarily

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