Social theories of learning MCQ Quiz in বাংলা - Objective Question with Answer for Social theories of learning - বিনামূল্যে ডাউনলোড করুন [PDF]

Learning:

Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits through study, experience or being taught. It is a lifelong process in various settings, including formal education, on-the-job training, and everyday life experiences. Learning can be intentional or unintentional, conscious or unconscious, resulting in a permanent change in behaviour or understanding. Learning can involve acquiring new information, developing new skills, or refining existing knowledge and abilities. Effective learning involves active engagement, effort, and attention and is influenced by factors such as motivation, prior knowledge, and the learning environment. The ultimate goal of learning is to increase one's understanding, improve performance, and enhance one's ability to live a fulfilling life.

Key Points

The following are some of the key characteristics of learning:

Active process: Learning is an active process in which individuals engage with and respond to new information.

Continuous: Learning is a continuous process that can occur anytime and in any setting.

Long-lasting: Learning that results in a change in behaviour or understanding is typically permanent.

Influenced by prior knowledge: Learning is influenced by an individual's prior knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

Affected by motivation: Learning is often influenced by motivation, with more engagement and better learning outcomes resulting from high motivation levels.

Social in nature: Learning often occurs in a social context, and interaction with others can play an important role in the learning process.

Transferable: Learning can be transferable, with skills or knowledge gained in one situation applied in other contexts.

Unique: Each individual's learning experience is unique and is influenced by factors such as cognitive style, personality, and cultural background.

Goal-oriented: Learning is often goal-oriented, with individuals setting out to achieve specific learning outcomes.

Multi-sensory: Learning often involves multiple senses, with visual, auditory, and kinesthetic input contributing to the learning process.

The correct answer is - (A), (C), (D) Only

Key Points

• Kurt Lewin
  • Kurt Lewin is recognized as one of the founding fathers of Gestalt Psychology.
  • Gestalt Psychology emphasizes understanding the human mind and behavior as a whole rather than in parts.
• Kohler's book
  • Kohler’s book titled ‘Mentality of Apes’ focuses on his experiments with chimpanzees.
  • The book is a significant contribution to the field of Gestalt Psychology and problem-solving.
• Skinner's opposition
  • Skinner opposed the "no stimulus, no response" mechanism, emphasizing that behavior can be shaped through reinforcement.
  • He is well-known for his work on Operant Conditioning.

Additional Information

• Albert Bandura
  • Albert Bandura is known for his Social Learning Theory, which emphasizes learning through observation, imitation, and modeling.
  • Key concepts of Bandura's theory include attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
• Positive Reinforcer
  • A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a behavior, increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.
  • It is the opposite of a negative reinforcer, which increases behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.

The correct answer is 'Albert Bandura'

Key Points

• Social learning theory:
  • Social learning theory was developed by Albert Bandura.
  • This theory emphasizes the role of observational learning, imitation, and modeling in acquiring new behaviors.
  • According to Bandura, learning occurs through observing others and modeling their behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions.
  • Key components include attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
  • The famous Bobo doll experiment conducted by Bandura demonstrated the impact of observational learning on behavior.

Additional Information

• B. F. Skinner:
  • B. F. Skinner was a behaviorist who developed the theory of operant conditioning.
  • Operant conditioning involves learning through rewards and punishments for behavior.
  • Skinner's work focused on how behavior is influenced by its consequences.
• Bruner:
  • Jerome Bruner was a cognitive psychologist who contributed to cognitive learning theory.
  • He emphasized the importance of categorization, the process of organizing information into categories, in learning.
  • Bruner also developed the concept of discovery learning, where learners build their own knowledge through exploration.
• Thorndike:
  • Edward Thorndike was an educational psychologist known for his work on the law of effect.
  • The law of effect states that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated.
  • Thorndike's work laid the foundation for operant conditioning, later developed by Skinner.

The correct answer is 'Social Learning Theory - Bruner'

Key Points

• Social Learning Theory - Bruner:
  • This is an incorrect pair because Social Learning Theory was developed by Albert Bandura, not Jerome Bruner.
  • Social Learning Theory emphasizes the importance of observing, modeling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others.
  • According to Bandura, learning can occur through observation in a social context, and this learning is influenced by several factors including attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

Additional Information

• Sign Theory of Learning - Tolman:
  • Edward C. Tolman proposed the Sign Theory of Learning, which suggests that learning involves the formation of cognitive maps and that behavior is goal-directed.
  • Tolman believed that individuals learn by identifying and interpreting signs and signals in their environment, which then guide their behavior towards goals.
• Field Theory of Learning - Lewin:
  • Kurt Lewin developed the Field Theory of Learning, which posits that behavior is a function of the individual and their environment.
  • Lewin's theory emphasizes the dynamic nature of the individual-environment interaction and the importance of understanding the whole context in which learning occurs.
• Trial and Error Theory - Thorndike:
  • Edward Thorndike formulated the Trial and Error Theory, which suggests that learning is a process of trying different responses until a successful one is found.
  • This theory is often associated with Thorndike's work on animal learning and his law of effect, which states that responses followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated.

The correct answer is 'E, A, D, C, B'

Key Points

• Conflict Theorist - Marx (E):
  • Karl Marx (1818-1883) is known for his conflict theory, which focuses on the struggles between social classes.
  • His work laid the foundation for understanding the economic and social conflicts that drive historical change.
• Functionalist - Durkheim (A):
  • Émile Durkheim (1858-1917) is one of the founding figures of sociology, known for his work on social cohesion and the collective conscience.
  • Durkheim's functionalist perspective emphasizes the role of social institutions in maintaining societal stability.
• Conflict Theorist - Weber (D):
  • Max Weber (1864-1920) contributed to conflict theory with his analysis of power, authority, and bureaucracy.
  • Weber’s approach to sociology included understanding the subjective meanings that individuals attach to their actions.
• Symbolic Interactionist - Mead (C):
  • George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) is a key figure in symbolic interactionism, which focuses on the meanings and symbols that arise in social interactions.
  • Mead’s work emphasized the development of the self through communication and interaction with others.
• Open System Theory - Bertanlaffy (B):
  • Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972) developed Open System Theory, which views organizations as systems that interact with their environments.
  • This theory has been influential in various fields, including biology, psychology, and organizational studies.

The correct answer is 'A and D only'

Key Points

• Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development:
  • Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, proposed a theory of cognitive development that explains how children construct a mental model of the world.
  • According to Piaget, cognitive development occurs through a series of stages characterized by different abilities and ways of thinking.
• Assimilation:
  • Assimilation is the process by which a child incorporates new information into existing cognitive schemas.
  • For example, when a child learns a new type of dog, they incorporate this information into their existing schema for dogs.
• Accommodation:
  • Accommodation is the process by which a child modifies existing cognitive schemas to include new information.
  • For example, if a child learns that not all four-legged animals are dogs, they will adjust their schema for animals accordingly.

Additional Information

• Adaptation:
  • Adaptation in Piaget's theory is a broader concept that includes both assimilation and accommodation.
  • It is the overall process of adjusting to the environment through these two mechanisms.
  • While important, it is not one of the two primary processes mentioned in the question.
• Scaffolding:
  • Scaffolding is a concept introduced by Vygotsky, not Piaget.
  • It refers to the support given to a child by a more knowledgeable other to help them achieve a task they cannot complete independently.
• Application:
  • Application refers to the practical use of knowledge in real-world situations.
  • While it is an important aspect of learning, it is not one of the core processes in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

"A child is born like a blank slate and its later behaviour is shaped by experience." The statement was first made by John Locke, who is one of the founder philosophers of empiricism. He propounded the concept "Tabula rasa" means a clean slate or a blank tablet on which anything can be written.  A child's mind is like a clean state which is influenced by impressions from the external world. 

The following are its characteristics:

• According to this approach, we learn by contact with the physical world or with spoken or written ideas of other people.
• These ideas/impressions come from without. There seems to be an organised external environment "out there" which impresses itself on us and leads to the organization of ideas "in-here".
• When this assumption is made that ideas come only from our experience, the child's mind is treated as a clean slate to be written upon or an empty vessel into which knowledge must be poured.
• In this approach, it is assumed that there are mental mechanisms, which function as present-day video-tape recorders and provide reasonably faithful copies of events occurring out there.
• The clean slate approach leads to a reliance on teacher-structured experiences as the major road to knowledge.
• It also assumes that students are passive receivers who need to be externally motivated to become involved in learning.

Socialization is the process by which children acquire the values, standards of behaviour, attitudes, and skills that are viewed as appropriate to the culture in which the child resides.

• It is the process through which people are taught to be proficient members of society.
• It describes the ways that people come to understand societal norms and expectations, accept society’s beliefs, and be acquainted with societal values.
• It may be defined more comprehensively as a life-long process of inculcation whereby an individual learns the principles, values and symbols of the social system in which he participates and the expression of those values and norms in the roles he enacts.

Key Points