Environment and Human Rights Law MCQ Quiz in मराठी - Objective Question with Answer for Environment and Human Rights Law - मोफत PDF डाउनलोड करा

The correct answer is 'Ensure that the victims of damage are compensated as well as that the degradation so caused to the environment is mitigated.'

Key Points

• Polluter Pays Principle:
  • The polluter pays principle is a fundamental concept in environmental law and policy.
  • It mandates that those responsible for pollution bear the costs of managing it to prevent damage to human health or the environment.
  • This principle aims to ensure that polluters are held accountable for the environmental harm they cause.
• Objective of the Principle:
  • The primary objective is to ensure that the victims of environmental damage are compensated.
  • Additionally, it seeks to mitigate the degradation caused to the environment by making polluters responsible for the costs of their actions.

Additional Information

• Purely deterrent effects:
  • While deterrence is an aspect of the polluter pays principle, it is not the primary objective.
  • Deterrence aims to prevent future pollution but does not address compensation and mitigation directly.
• Retributive effect:
  • Retribution focuses on punishment rather than compensation or environmental restoration.
  • The polluter pays principle is more about accountability and responsibility rather than punishment.
• None of the above:
  • This option is incorrect as it does not align with the primary objectives of the polluter pays principle.

The correct answer is Section 43 of the Human Rights Act, 1993

Key Points

• Section 43 of the Human Rights Act, 1993:
  • Section 43 of the Human Rights Act, 1993, specifically repeals the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance, 1993.
  • This section ensures a smooth transition from the ordinance to the formal Act, thereby consolidating human rights protections under a single legislative framework.
  • The repeal is a common legislative practice to replace temporary ordinances with permanent statutes, ensuring legal continuity and stability.

Additional Information

• Section 33:
  • Section 33 deals with the establishment of Human Rights Courts for the speedy trial of offences arising out of human rights violations.
  • It is not related to the repeal of any ordinance.
• Section 36:
  • Section 36 pertains to the functions and powers of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC).
  • This section outlines the procedures and roles of the NHRC but does not address the repeal of any ordinance.
• Section 40B:
  • Section 40B is not a part of the Human Rights Act, 1993. It appears to be an incorrect or non-existent section in this context.
  • Therefore, it has no relevance to the repeal of the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance, 1993.

The correct answer is 'The UDHR is a UN General Assembly resolution.'

Key Points

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR):
  • The UDHR was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948.
  • It serves as a foundational text for international human rights law, outlining fundamental human rights that should be universally protected.
  • While it is not a legally binding document, it has significantly influenced international human rights treaties, national constitutions, and other legal instruments.

Additional Information

• Option 1: The UDHR is a multilateral treaty:
  • This is incorrect. A multilateral treaty is a binding agreement between multiple countries, whereas the UDHR is a declaration and not legally binding.
• Option 3: The UDHR is a UN Security resolution:
  • This is incorrect. UN Security Council resolutions are typically binding and pertain to international peace and security, not general human rights.
• Option 4: The UDHR is a declaration adopted by several states at an international conference:
  • This is incorrect. The UDHR was adopted by the UN General Assembly, not an international conference of states.

The correct answer is Entry 13

Key Points

• National Green Tribunal (NGT):
  • The NGT is a specialized body set up under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 to handle environmental disputes involving multi-disciplinary issues.
  • The Tribunal is tasked with providing effective and expeditious disposal of cases related to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources.
  • It was established to fulfill the constitutional mandate under Entry 13 of List I in Schedule VII of the Constitution of India, which pertains to the adjudication of disputes and complaints with respect to environmental issues.

Additional Information

• Other Entries in List I:
  • Entry 12: Deals with Union duties and taxes. It does not pertain to environmental issues.
  • Entry 14: Relates to entering into treaties and agreements with foreign countries and implementing them. It is not related to environmental adjudication.
  • Entry 15: Covers matters related to insurance, which is unrelated to the establishment of the NGT.

The correct answer is Rio de Janeiro

Key Points

• Rio de Janeiro Conference:
  • The Rio de Janeiro Conference, also known as the Earth Summit, was held in 1992.
  • It focused on sustainable development and established principles for the protection and preservation of the environment.
  • One of the key outcomes was the call for states to provide effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy.

Additional Information

• Stockholm Conference:
  • The Stockholm Conference was held in 1972 and was the first major international conference on environmental issues.It focused on the human environment and led to the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
• Johannesburg Conference:
  • The Johannesburg Conference, also known as the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), was held in 2002.
  • It aimed to assess progress since the Rio Summit and to further the implementation of Agenda 21.
• Kyoto Conference:
  • The Kyoto Conference, held in 1997, resulted in the Kyoto Protocol, which set binding targets for industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
  • It focused specifically on climate change rather than broader environmental or sustainable development issues.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• Human Rights as defined in Section 2(d):
  • Section 2(d) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, defines 'Human Rights' as the rights relating to life, liberty, equality, and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India.
  • This section provides a comprehensive definition that includes various fundamental rights protected by the Constitution of India and international human rights instruments.

Additional Information

• Overview of other options:
  • Section 2(b):
    • This section defines 'Chairperson' in the context of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC).
    • It is not related to the definition of human rights.
  • Section 2(c):
    • This section defines 'Commission,' referring to the National Human Rights Commission, the State Human Rights Commission, or the Human Rights Courts.
    • It does not define human rights.
  • Section 2(e):
    • This section defines 'International Covenants,' which refers to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations.
    • It is not the section that defines human rights but is relevant to the context of human rights laws and standards.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

1. Article 48-A: Part of the Directive Principles of State Policy, this article specifically directs the state to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.

2. Article 21: Though primarily concerned with the right to life and personal liberty, the Supreme Court of India has interpreted this article to include the right to a healthy environment as a fundamental right.

3. Article 51-A(g): One of the Fundamental Duties, this article imposes a duty on every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.

Articles not directly related to environmental protection:

• Article 48: This article is concerned with the organization of agriculture and animal husbandry and includes directives related to cattle.
• Article 51-A(e): This article refers to the duty of every citizen to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India, transcending religious, linguistic, regional, or sectional diversities.

Therefore, the articles directly related to the protection of the environment are B, C, and D. Hence, the correct answer is Option 3: B, C and D only.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

Penalty for Failure to Comply with Orders of Tribunal under Section 26 of the National Green Tribunal Act:

• Introduction:
  • The National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act, 2010, establishes the NGT for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources. Section 26 of the Act deals with penalties for failure to comply with orders or awards of the Tribunal.

Additional Information

• Section 26 Overview:

  • Section 26 outlines the penalties for non-compliance with the orders of the NGT.
  • This section aims to ensure that individuals or entities follow the directives issued by the Tribunal to uphold environmental laws and regulations.

• Penalties Specified:

  • The penalties under Section 26 include:
    • Imprisonment up to 3 years: The violator may be sentenced to imprisonment for a term which may extend up to three years.
    • Fine up to Ten Crores: The violator may also be liable to pay a fine which may extend up to ten crore rupees.
    • Both: The Tribunal has the authority to impose both imprisonment and fine on the violator.

 The correct answer is 3) Brundtland Report.

Key Points

• The Brundtland Commission, officially known as the World Commission on Environment & Development (WCED), released "Our Common Future" in 1987, which popularized and defined the term "Sustainable Development."
• The Brundtland Commission was created by the United Nations to suggest measures to protect the human environment and natural resources and prevent deterioration of economic and social development.
• The mission of the Brundtland Commission is to unite countries to pursue sustainable development together.

Key Points Correct Answer: 1) Access to information, public participation in decision-making, and access to justice in environmental matters
Explanation: The Aarhus Convention, officially known as the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, aims to grant the public rights and impose obligations on parties and public authorities regarding access to information, public participation, and access to justice in environmental matters.